Darwin, Marx, and Freud: A Comprehensive Materialism In addition to Darwin, two other late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century figures contributed to this increasingly entrenched worldview. Both did so by developing influential social scientific theories. In economics and social philosophy, Karl Marx’s (Fig. 3.6) dialectical materialism, and his utopian vision of the future based upon it, expressed a profoundly deterministic as well as materialistic understanding of human nature.44 In psychology, Sigmund Freud (Fig. 3.7) formulated a complex characterization of the human psyche describing
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