Nevertheless, these physical factors are themselves independent of each other and probably finely tuned.17 For example, the expansion rate in the earliest stages of the history of the universe would have depended upon the density of mass and energy at those early times. And the density of the universe one nanosecond (a billionth of a second) after the beginning had to have the precise value of 1024 kilogram per cubic meter. If the density were larger or smaller by only 1 kilogram per cubic meter, galaxies would never have developed.18 This corresponds to a fine tuning of 1 part in 1024
