For example, in 1948 three Cambridge researchers—Fred Hoyle, his fellow astrophysicist Thomas Gold, and mathematician Hermann Bondi (Fig. 5.8)—proposed the “steady-state” model to explain galactic recession without invoking the objectionable notion of a beginning.33 Hoyle himself acknowledged that he proposed the steady-state model to circumvent what were to him the obvious theistic implications of the big bang theory.
