Yet Hume’s categorical rejection of the design argument did not prove entirely decisive with either theistic or secular philosophers. Thinkers as diverse as Kant,22 the Scottish Presbyterian Thomas Reid,23 the Enlightenment deist Thomas Paine,24 and the English philosopher William Whewell continued to affirm various versions of the design argument. Indeed, science-based design arguments continued at least into the early nineteenth century, in works such as William Paley’s Natural Theology (1802).25
