Change by Design, Revised and Updated: How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations and Inspires Innovation

by Tim Brown

R&D labs,

This is representative of "studies" or "studies departments" of mining companies. If a layback cost x to execute, direct studies cost, over the total value of y of same project, x/y is how much was invested in the R&D. This department should be the centre of disruptive change i.e. revolutionary innovation.