The third type of disruption, value-charging decoupling, includes businesses that decouple value-creating and value-charging activities. Mobile game developer SuperCell allowed consumers to play most of its games for free, charging value by selling digital goods (in-app purchases) to the company’s most loyal players. In effect, SuperCell broke the link between buying a game (value charging) and playing it (value creating). SuperCell is famous for developing titles such as Clash of Clans, one of the world’s highest-grossing mobile games by revenue, with 100 million users. In 2016, the company
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