This prediction of ITP—that the appearance of causal interactions between physical objects in spacetime is a fiction—has interesting support from quantum computations that lack causal order.17 Normally we compute one step at a time, in a specific causal order. I might, for instance, start with the number ten, divide it by two, and then add two, to get the result seven. If I reverse the order, if I add two and then divide by two, I get the result six. The order of operations matters. But computers have now been built in which there is no definite causal order of operations. Instead the computer
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