What Levin makes clear in his obsession with positive psychology and measuring the character of dark and poor children—KIPP’s primary student population—is his belief that dark children can be better controlled and better workers if their character is tracked throughout their lives. Levin’s thinking can be traced back hundreds of years to “good” White folx who thought that, given the “proper” education and learning environment, dark children (Native Americans, African Americans, Chinese Americans, Japanese Americans, and Mexican Americans) could be taught how to be less barbaric and more
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