telling dark children that they need to pull themselves up by their bootstraps and achieve on their own merit is not a new approach; it is short-sighted and, in actuality, racist thinking. It should come as no surprise that the KIPP charter school network and the inventor of the character growth card—all aspects of the educational survival complex—allowed Duckworth to test her grit theory on children. Dave Levin, the cofounder of KIPP, clings to the field of positive psychology, which declares that success in college and life can be predicted by testing for positive character strengths such as
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