The Case for Reason: Volume One: Understanding the Anti-superstition Movement

by Narendra Dabholkar

The universe is bound by distinctive principles which we can understand by experiment, logic and verification. The material world which is the subject of science exists independently outside of human consciousness. It changes according to a definite process determined by certain principles.

Many people harbour a kind of malice against science. Some people think that confronting all the problems of life without faith in god is sheer arrogance while others think it is idiocy.

In science, it is absolutely essential to fulfil the three basic criteria—causality, objectivity and universality.

‘What specific evidence will disprove your theory?’

In the mind of every human being, natural drives are present in their primitive form. They are called basic instincts and form the ‘id’—the core of the mind. Hunger, sexual desire, aggression and self-defence are some of these primitive drives. However, unlike animals, civilised people cannot express these basic instincts. All the same, the instincts, being natural, weigh heavily on their mind. Individuals grow up in a family and imbibe the dos and don’ts of behaviour from their surroundings and accept certain ethical rules. The part of the individual’s mind that develops in this process is the superego. These two parts of the mind—the id and the superego—are not only distinct from each other, but are actually forces that confront each other, creating tension in the person. But it is not possible for a person to withstand such constant tension. So, a part of the mind has to take responsibility for finding a way (in the shape of behaviour) to keep these two conflicting parts of the mind together by satisfying both to the maximum and hurting both to the minimum. These efforts to maintain accord between these two opponents generates the middle part of the mind, that is, the ego. The ego plays a number of tricks to satisfy both the id and the superego and keep their dissatisfaction to a minimum. These tricks can be positive, or even negative. The sum and substance of this defensive play of tricks shapes the personality of the individual