After 1948, Congress and the White House remained in the dark about most developments within the Agency, including Gladio operations. During the 1950s, the Eisenhower administration directed the CIA to undertake covert activities in Iran (1953), Guatemala (1954), and Indonesia (1957). But even these missions were conducted without consultation with any Congressional subcommittee on intelligence.1 Congress was briefed in advance of the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion and several clandestine missions in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War. But no evidence has surfaced that either Congress or the
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