the ambiguous nature of modern states, which are at once sheltering and dominating. These reasons include such objectives as the extraction of military service, taxes, and labor; the facilitation of law enforcement; the control of “brain drain” (i.e., limitation of departure in order to forestall the loss of workers with particularly valued skills); the restriction of access to areas deemed off-limits by the state, whether for “security” reasons or to protect people from unexpected or unacknowledged harms; the exclusion, surveillance, and containment of “undesirable elements,” whether these
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