morale in both the public and private sectors.”26 The cost (overt and hidden) of staff turnover includes the combination of advertising and recruitment of new employees, candidate travel, the costs associated with selection, hiring, assignment, orientation, signing bonuses, and relocation.27 The cost to the US economy has been estimated to be at least five trillion dollars a year.28 For individual organizations the cost of replacing employees has been estimated to be:29 • 30–50% of annual salary for an entry-level employee • 150% of annual salary for mid-level employees • 400% of annual salary
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