Most models of framing in psychological research consist of two contrasting alternatives: learning versus performance, promotion versus prevention, healthy versus unhealthy, or in the case of the previous study, excited versus anxious. The positive frames—learning, promotion, healthy, excited—lead to greater perseverance, greater innovation, and increased learning. By contrast, the negative frames—performance, prevention, unhealthy, anxious—lead to worse outcomes, promoting a sense of risk aversion and a bias for framing new situations as chances to lose ground.
