the British and American administrations developed their ‘Grand Designs’ to match de Gaulle’s. ‘Grand Design’ was the title of a remarkable document Macmillan drafted in January 1961. He had come to the view that the British, having failed to dilute the European Community from outside, would need to join it. To achieve de Gaulle’s support, he was ready to intercede with the American government to offer France nuclear cooperation. Once in Europe, his plan was that the British would work to counter the anti-American tendencies of the French. In July 1961, the British announced their intention to
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