Other snubs followed. Meeting in Moscow at the end of October, Allied leaders set up a European Advisory Commission to plan post-war policy. The French were not on it. Nor was de Gaulle invited to a summit at Tehran at the end of November where the decision for D-Day was taken. De Gaulle drew the moral in his memoirs: ‘There was no doubt! Our allies were in agreement to exclude us, as much as possible, from decisions concerning Italy. It was to be predicted that in the future they would agree the destiny of Europe without France. But they needed to be shown that France could not permit such an
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