There is only one universal addiction process. Its manifestations are multiple, from the gentler to the life-threatening, but in all addictions it utilizes the same brain circuits of pain relief, reward and motivation; it imposes the same psychological dynamics of shame and denial, the same behaviours of subterfuge and dishonesty. In all cases, it exacts the price of inner peace, harm to relationships, and diminished self-worth. In the case of substance addicts, whether in thrall to nicotine or alcohol or illicit drugs, it also jeopardizes physical health. Only from a broader understanding of
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