Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals: With an Updated Translation, Introduction, and Notes

by Immanuel Kant

First formula: FUL The Formula of Universal Law: “Act only in accordance with that maxim through which you at the same time can will that it become a universal law” (G 4:421; cf. G 4:402), with its variant, FLN The Formula of the Law of Nature: “So act, as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will a universal law of nature” (G 4:421; cf. G 4:436). Second formula: FH The Formula of Humanity as End in Itself: “So act that you use humanity, as much in your own person as in the person of every other, always at the same time as an end and never merely as a means” (G 4:429; cf. G 4:436). Third formula: FA Formula of Autonomy: “. . . the idea of the will of every rational being as a will giving universal law” (G 4:431; cf. G 4:432) or “Not to choose otherwise than so that the maxims of one’s choice are at the same time comprehended with it in the same volition as universal law” (G 4:440; cf. G 4:432, 434, 438), with its variant, FRE The Formula of the Realm of Ends: “Act in accordance with maxims of a universally legislative member for a merely possible realm of ends” (G 4:439; cf. G 4:433, 437, 438).