Michael Hayes

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Game 2 is a more complicated version where there are two different smoking variables: X represents whether the mother smokes now (at the beginning of the second pregnancy), while A represents whether she smoked during the first pregnancy. B and E are underlying abnormalities caused by smoking, which are unobservable, and D represents other physiological causes of those abnormalities.
The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect (Penguin Science)
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