On the other hand, the front-door estimates succeeded in removing almost all of the Motivation effect. For males, the front-door estimates were well within the experimental error of the randomized controlled trial, even with the small positive bias that Glynn and Kashin predicted. For females, the results were even better: The front-door estimates matched the experimental benchmark almost perfectly, with no apparent bias. Glynn and Kashin’s work gives both empirical and methodological proof that as long as the effect of C on M (in Figure 7.2) is weak, front-door adjustment can give a
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