When his successor, General Nakasone, conceded in his confirmation hearing four years later that “they don’t fear us,” he was admitting that after spending billions of dollars on new defenses and new offensive weapons, the United States has still failed to create a deterrent against cyberattacks. Perhaps that is understandable. In the Cold War, nuclear deterrence did not emerge instantly. It took years of collaboration between technologists, strategists, generals, and politicians. It involved a very public debate, which the United States seems unwilling to conduct in the cyber realm—for fear
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