Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the new science of the human past

by David Reich

The frequencies of mutations that are variable in a population are in fact expected to follow an inverse law, with twice as many mutations that occur at 10 percent frequency as those that occur at 20 percent frequency, and twice as many of these in turn as those that occur at 40 percent frequency.

Check out this quote.

Y chromosomes suggested that one single male who lived around the time of the Mongols left many millions of direct male-line descendants across the territory that the Mongols occupied.

The legacy of Ghengis Khan

Y-chromosome type that is present in two to three million people today and derives from an ancestor who lived around fifteen hundred years ago.

...and the legacy of Niall of the nine hostages, dark age King of Ireland

The descendants of the Yamnaya or their close relatives spread their Y chromosomes into Europe and India, and the demographic impact of this expansion was profound, as the Y-chromosome types they carried were absent in Europe and India before the Bronze Age but are predominant in both places today.

Bronze age warriors from the steppes, the Indo-Europeans behind the Aryan myth.

This process caused the Y chromosomes these males carried to increase in frequency generation after generation, leaving a genetic scar that speaks volumes about past societies.

Seen by a left wing leaning scientist as a bad thing, as in inequality, but why should everyone be equally mediocre? Surely it shows success has its rewards, the basis of all succesful societies, i.e. Capitalism

Potentially, populations could mix as equals—for example through the overlapping of two equally resourced populations moving peaceably into the same area.

This never happened. The weaker population always got subsumedby the stronger, but this could vary between the two populations at different levels in society

caused by colonialism

Nothing was causedby the abstract concept "colonialism" - colonisation caused the effect; verbs cause effects not nouns

around 85 percent of variation in the protein types could be accounted for by variation within populations and “races,” and only 15 percent by variation across them.

So the 15% represent unique differences only present in single groups,the rest are shared differences shared within groups

Razib Khan17 and Dienekes Pontikos18 post on findings of average dif ferences across populations in traits including physical appearance and athletic ability. The Eurogenes blog spills over with sometimes as many as one thousand comments in response to postings on the charged topic of which ancient peoples spread Indo-European languages,

The death of the expert, no formal qualifications needed, just an ability to read, and a good IQ. A breath of fresh air.

substantial differences in traits across populations are unlikely to exist, is a strategy that we scientists can no longer afford, and that in fact is positively harmful.

Scientists lying to support a political dogma

As long as they act within the law, otherwise respect should be degraded proportionally to their law breaking

is derived from multiple waves of mass migration from Iran and the Eurasian steppe within the last five thousand years.

evils of racism and nationalism,

Equates racism with nationalism , what a bigoted arsehole

This approach proved that the bacterium Yersinia pestis was the cause of the fourteenth-to-seventeenth-century CE Black Death,14 the sixth-to-eighth-century CE Justinianic plague of the Roman Empire,15 and an endemic plague that was responsible for at least about 7 percent of deaths in skeletons from burials across the Eurasian steppe after around five thousand years ago.16

Black death identified in 3 different time periods