Instead, Pannenberg claims that aggression is a negative response to frustration in achieving one’s fulfillment and a product of anxiety rather than a positive instinctual urge. While he concedes to Nietzsche that in the history of Christianity there have been periods of focus on self-loathing, Pannenberg contends that this self-hatred is the product of a preoccupation with the phase of redemption that requires an awareness of and taking responsibility for sin that is contrary to the essence of the Christian life.
