Snyder, a new governor, was popular at the time. He dubbed himself “one tough nerd” and had a history as a successful business executive. He was a Republican who ran as a moderate—a technocrat—but he was soon pushed to the right by a Tea Party–controlled state legislature. Flint wasn’t the first Michigan city to have its democratically elected government replaced by an EM who demanded draconian budget cuts: Snyder had appointed EMs in Detroit and Pontiac. By 2013, half of all African-American citizens in Michigan were living under an EM, compared with 2 percent of white residents. In other
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