When there is sudden global environmental and climate change, what lives and what dies? It’s case studies in the history of life—recorded by fossils, like the end-Cretaceous extinction—that provide critical insight. The first thing we have to realize is that, although some species did survive the immediate hellfire of the impact and the longer-term climate upheaval, most did not. It’s estimated that some 70 percent of species went extinct. That includes a whole lot of amphibians and reptiles and probably the majority of mammals and birds, so it’s not simply “dinosaurs died, mammals and birds
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