But perhaps the most extraordinary result derived from Advanced Chess, which is normally played by matched human-machine pairs, occurs when human and machine play against a solo machine. Since Deep Blue, many computer programmes have been developed that can beat any human with ease and efficiency: increases in data storage and processing power mean that supercomputers are no longer required for the task. But even the most powerful contemporary programme can be defeated by a skilled player with access to their own computer – even one less powerful than their opponent. Cooperation between human
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