Soldiers on patrols behind enemy lines—like civilians suffering from strategic bombing, prisoners of war receiving artillery or bombs, and sailors in modern naval combat—generally do not suffer psychiatric stress because, for the most part, the element that is most responsible for causing combat stress is not present: they are not obligated to engage in face-to-face aggressive activities against the enemy. Even though these missions are highly dangerous, danger and the fear of death and injury are quite obviously not the predominant cause of psychiatric casualties in battle.

