Curiously, there was little contemporary criticism among European Socialists of what today seems one of the more questionable episodes in Lenin’s revolutionary career: his move from Paris to Austrian Galicia in 1912. Both in Cracow, where he first settled — with Krupskaya and Inessa Armand — and later in Poronin, in the mountains, he was conveniently near the Russian border. Whether for conferring with overt representatives of the Bolshevik center in Russia — it was legally tolerated after 1907 — or for smuggling in clandestine propaganda and instructions to underground groups, Galicia was a
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