In Hamilton’s view, this last factor—the artificial encouragements in other countries—constituted the greatest obstacle. This meant that domestic manufacturers not only had to contend with the “natural disadvantages of a new undertaking” but also “the gratuities and remunerations which other governments bestow” on their own producers. “To maintain between the recent establishments of one country and the long matured establishments of another country, a competition upon equal terms, both as to quality and price, is in most cases impracticable,” he declared. “The disparity in the one, or in the
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