There’s a simple and surprisingly well-accepted answer to this question: most published medical research is wrong.38 (Or at least overstated.) Medical journals are so eager to publish “interesting” new results that they don’t wait for the results to be replicated by others. Consequently, even the most celebrated studies are often statistical flukes. For example, one study looked at the 49 most-cited articles published in the three most prestigious medical journals. Of the 34 of these studies that were later tested by other researchers, only 20 were confirmed.39 And these were among the
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