As Nassim Nicholas Taleb, a critic of quant models, later argued in several books, investors who believe the market moves according to a random walk are “fooled by randomness” (the title of one of his books). Taleb famously dubbed the wild unexpected swings in markets, and in life itself, “black swans,” evoking the belief long held in the West that all swans are white, a notion exploded when sailors discovered black swans in Australia. Taleb argued that there are far more black swans in the world than many people believe, and that models based on historical trends and expectations of a random
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