The Order of Time

by Carlo Rovelli

Let’s return to the question with which we began: What “is real”? What “exists”? The answer is that this is a badly put question, signifying everything and nothing. Because the adjective “real” is ambiguous; it has a thousand meanings. The verb “to exist” has even more. To the question “Does a puppet whose nose grows when it lies exist?” it is possible to reply: “Of course it exists! It’s Pinocchio!”; or: “No, it doesn’t, it’s only part of a fantasy dreamed up by Carlo Collodi.” Both answers are correct, because they are using different meanings of the verb “exist.” There are so many different usages of the verb, different ways in which we can say that a thing exists: a law, a stone, a nation, a war, a character in a play, the god (or gods) of a religion to which we do not belong, the God of the religion to which we do belong, a great love, a number. . . . Each one of these entities “exists” and “is real” in a sense different from all the others.