conditioning in their undersea boats. The first such installation that we U.S. submariners saw was in the Dutch K-13, which passed through Panama about 1929. We were enthusiastic about the idea but it was not until 1934 that an installation was made in U.S. submarines. This new equipment was strongly objected to by many as being “hotel accommodations” but it certainly pulled its weight in the boat in terms of health and endurance of submarine crews operating in torrid waters. The Dutch have always had smart submarines. It was they who invented the device which we call a “poppet valve” for
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