are innate: it depends on an essentialised conception of intellect and aptitude. In other words, it primarily assumes an ability which is inborn and either given the chance or not to succeed. This notion of intelligence is overwhelmingly singular and linear. Its problems are powerfully critiqued in the magnificent multi-authored book Inequality by Design, which shows how a particularly narrow notion of intelligence, in the form of psychometric testing of IQs, structured ‘the bell curve’
