This new covenant is universal in several ways. First, it is universal in the sense that everyone in this covenant knows the Lord: “No longer will they teach their neighbor, or say to one another, ‘Know the LORD,’ because they will all know me, from the least of them to the greatest” (31:34). God’s covenant through Moses included those who savingly knew the Lord and many who did not. Infant children circumcised at birth, for example, did not know the Lord in a saving way at their circumcision. The boundaries for the Abrahamic covenant were ethnic, tied to Abraham’s physical descendants. The
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