and their heirs in spiritualism, phenomenology and existentialism (from Schiller, Schelling, Herder and Goethe, to Kierkegaard, to Bergson, Camus and Sartre, to Emerson and Blake and William James or Whitehead or Heidegger and beyond), or upon Zen teachings, or upon Taoism, or the inner landscapes described in Christian and Western mystics like John of the Cross, Teresa of Ávila, Meister Eckhart or the anonymously written Cloud of Unknowing. The point that I want to make here is simply that subjective states of organisms—regardless of things such as cognitive stage or “knowledge”—are what must
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