Paul Collier is more cautiously hopeful, believing that aid needs to be redirected in the form of Western interventions that can neutralize the four “traps”—conflict (the link among wars, coups, and poverty), natural resources, being landlocked with bad neighbors, and bad governance in a small country—that hurt these countries’ growth. William Easterly asserts that the industry’s lack of interest in seeking feedback and accountability means things are unlikely to get better, because too little is invested in the scientific evaluations necessary to know which programs actually work, and then
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