The future of Pakistan was changed forever by this American intervention, not only the political landscape and the possibilities of violence, but the way individuals related to God. As she notes: What was once devotion became fundamentalism. When American pundits and politicians lashed out after September 11 about the dangers of Islam, Shamsie thought such emotions terrifying in their reckless hypocrisy. During the Soviet-Afghan war, the United States and Pakistan together, in a supremely cynical alliance, had created a generation of Islamic fundamentalists—designing jihadi textbooks and
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