shortly after Kristallnacht, the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) met urgently in Philadelphia to consider how best to respond to the shocking news. Worried that starvation would follow the violence, their first concern was how to provide enough food for the Jews. Those present at the meeting were oppressed by a sense of déjà-vu. Was it really possible that another Quaker feeding programme was required in Germany only twenty years after the last?