The fact that moving electric charges can give rise to magnetic forces caused some additional complication, but it did not disrupt the scheme as a whole. Numerous mathematicians and physicists (including Gauss) had proposed systems of equations for the effects of moving electric charges which had seemed to be satisfactory within the general Newtonian framework. The first scientist to have made a serious challenge to the ‘Newtonian’ picture seems to have been the great English experimentalist and theoretician Michael Faraday (1791–1867).