Treaty making ended because of the backlash to James Joy’s attempts to use the Osage Indian treaty to transfer Indian land directly to his railroad. Joy had inadvertently united popular grievance with existing congressional rivalries. The Constitution reserved to the Senate the power of advice and consent on treaties, and the House had long resented being shut out. Since the House had to appropriate money for Indian Affairs and land purchases, it used its power of the purse to tack an amendment onto an appropriations bill in 1871 declaring that there would be no new treaties, although tribes
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