Initially in the latter half of the nineteenth century, European countries relaxed their restrictions on emigration. In Russia violent pogroms drove out Jews, and even in the absence of violence Russia encouraged Jewish emigration and then taxed the emigrants. In the 1880s, Great Britain tried to dump the poorest Irish on American shores. In Asia, Japan relaxed its restrictions on emigration. By the 1890s, however, Austria-Hungary feared the loss of conscripts for its armies and cheap labor for its mines and estates.
