Poverty constrained the movement of poor black families, just as it limited the movement of the very poor in Europe and poor white families in the United States. Migration demanded money to fund the trip, to acquire a farm, or, if homesteaders, to provide the tools and animals necessary to stock a farm and to sustain a family until the farm became productive. Blacks also faced the intimidation of landowners who feared the loss of tenants and laborers. They found their crops confiscated before sale, their leaders arrested, and their meetings broken up. Nightriders assaulted them and their
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