migration both from abroad and within the United States is better understood as a single complicated movement in which travel within and across borders combined wrenching change, dislocation, and dispossession, as well as opportunity. That Giles moved out of discouragement and his ship reeked of desperation did not mean that there was not also hope. That Berry was giddy with opportunity did not change the fact that his earnest boosterism reflected the necessity of persuading others that change would prove beneficial. Giles and Berry may have been at opposite ends of a spectrum, but it was
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