Might a similar ban on other kinds of donors be justified in the “full-blown modern interest-group state” where Judge Williams found himself?17 A good place to start would be America’s lobbyists. In 2012, direct lobbying expenses amounted to $3.3 billion, about twice the sum spent in 2000, according to the Open Secrets blog of the Center for Responsive Politics. That’s more than the $1.2 billion that both major candidates spent in the 2012 presidential election, and it even exceeds the $2.6 billion in total spending by the parties and outside groups on the presidential campaign. Of the $3.3
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