In her book How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States, Joanne Meyerowitz describes how the staff and clients of the Langley Porter Psychiatric Clinic at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), played an important role in building up networks among trans women seeking medical assistance for their gender transitions. Under the direction of Karl Bowman, a former president of the American Psychiatric Association, the Langley Porter Clinic became a major center of research on variant sexuality and gender in the 1940s and 1950s—in sometimes ominous ways. During
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