Deep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins

by Garry Kasparov

We confuse performance—the ability of a machine to replicate or surpass the results of a human—with method, how those results are achieved.

since the fourth century BC, when Aristotle believed the brain was a sort of cooling organ while the senses and intelligence resided in the heart, something to remember the next time you hear the phrase “learn something by heart.” But it wasn’t until toward the end

He described the most fundamental element of search, what we call the “minimax” algorithm, which originated in game theory and has been applied to logical decision making in many fields. Very simply put, a minimax system evaluates possibilities and sorts them from best to worst.

After all, human calculation may be weak, but our hindsight is always perfect.

“We always overestimate the change that will occur in the next two years and underestimate the change that will occur in the next ten.”

“Computers are useless. They can only give you answers.”

You must always remember that at every moment of a chess game, the position is a joint creation. So, while you may be happy with how things are going in the opening, it’s usually fair to say that your opponent is also content to be there, which should make you at least a little cautious.