representation.1 So it is no less a doctrine than the incarnation itself that legitimates the visual arts. Of course it does not follow from this that religious visual art is thereby given carte blanche to pursue its own ends. Although not always observed in practice, Orthodoxy has always been much stricter about this than the Western tradition. Prayerful preparation was still to be required of icon painters, and certain subjects were precluded: depictions of the Father, for instance, and extremes of suffering in Christ.2 Although

