A few years ago, the eminent psychologist Daniel Kahneman summarized a lifetime of research into cognitive error in a big book called Thinking, Fast and Slow, and near the end of that book he came around to the really central question: “What can be done about biases? How can we improve judgments and decisions, both our own and those of the institutions that we serve and that serve us?” To which he replies: “The short answer is that little can be achieved without a considerable investment of effort.”
