Besides the Cistercians, the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries saw the establishment of the Carthusians (an order of hermits founded by Saint Bruno in 1084); Grandmontines (an extremely strict and poor order founded near Limoges around 1100); Tironensians (gray-clad and severely penitential brothers following the example of Saint Bernard of Thiron, who founded an abbey in 1109); Premonstratensians (established by Saint Norbert around 1120 to preach and serve ordinary parishioners in the community as “canons regular”); and many other orders, some enduring and others fleeting.
